台湾电影梦 聚焦大陆海西◎侯孝贤

2010-10-02 文/侯孝贤(知名电影导演、金马奖执委会主席 )

今天讨论二○三○的愿景,我们不谈太广泛,专以电影来讲,我希望或我梦想二○三○电影的风貌?也就是说,假使由我主导资源,台湾的电影在廿年后 是怎样的状况?那么这要从现状着手,才能一窥二○三○。

当前是大陆市场崛起,非常庞大且仍在成长,是一个主流电影的市场。台湾没有条件拍摄大陆那种预算、动员很大的片子。台湾的小成本电影在大陆叫文 艺片,无法打进主流市场。但现在我提出的是,大陆海西地区,以此作为台湾本土电影的延伸。

海西包括福建省,和台湾同属闽南语地区,台湾电影在此有语言共通的优势,我们可以参考粤语区之于香港电影的模式。港片很多是粤语发音,它们不急 着进攻全国市场,而是在广东等粤语区发行,很多票房不错,以人民币计,如《叶问二》四千万,《大兵小将》三千五百万,《鎗王之王》三千万,《七十二家租 客》两千万,《全城热恋热辣辣》一千万。巩固粤语区后,就进一步会有地方院线系统专门安排发行至大陆市场,这是香港的模式。

另外海西的广东、浙江、江苏等地,和台湾则有都市文明、包括城乡差距的共同经验,这一点类似台湾电影在东南亚市场–卅年前那曾是台湾的市场 –的拓展。台湾轻题材的电影大多以都市为背景,例如这三年国片兴起,主要是年轻观众进场,他们偏好的片子都在此列:偏写实的《九降风》、《囧男孩》、 《海角七号》、《不能没有你》,浪漫爱情的《听说》,街头义气的《艋舺》,黑色喜剧的《一页台北》、《第卅六个故事》,荒谬感人的《父后七日》,这类电影 很难打入大陆主流市场,但在前述那些地区的接受度要高很多。

以海西市场为目标,则年产量就可以提升到一百部,就可以形成相当的电影产业规模,像现在一年廿几部不太可能,量不足,都是个人工作室的单打独 斗。

台湾电影的强项是多元。卅多年前我们的电影、音乐、文学在华人世界是最强的,要怎么重振那种盛况?要怎么达到我提出的一年一百部、拓展海西市场 的目标?首要是立法,让电影产业有一个如活水般良性循环的机制。

电影兼具商业与文化特质,法国界定它是文化而立法保护,台湾也应该跟进。

我们的辅导金今年开始是两亿一百五十万,由新闻局电影处掌理,预算须经立法院通过,再分配给或大或小的廿几部电影申请案,法国一九四六年成立 「法国国家电影中心(CNC)」,也是从申请辅导金开始。从那时候到现在,他们一直在推动立法使电影资金的操作制度化,至今已超过六十年,发展出来的一个 概念我们可以参考,这概念是,「使用电影者付费」。

使用电影者付费,譬如说电影税,一张电影票的收入,有十一%回到CNC。还有电视税,如电视台播放广告时电视台要缴税。对于无线电视台,详细规 定了放映电影的义务,如一年必须放映一九二部电影,其中一○四部要放在晚上八点半到十点半这个时段,法国本土电影要占四十%,欧盟电影占廿%,其余是合拍 片。而周三和周六晚上不能放电影,因为法国是周三新片上片。无线电视台也每年必须放映五十二部艺术及实验性影片。再有是视听作品税,包括DVD贩卖及租 借,和网络付费观赏等。以上三税,每年达五亿多欧元,全数用在电影制作上。方法多样,从开发剧本起就规定得极详细。

这个机制,支持了法国电影每年两百部以上的产量,仅次于印度(宝莱坞)及美国(好莱坞)。台湾若参照办理,以每年总票房五十几亿计算,十%税金 约五亿多,加上电视税等共约十几亿,全数投在电影制作上,国片的产量必定增加。

一九九五年,法国进入WTO,至今法国电影市场上,本国片和美国片的比例,或三四开,或四四开或还多一些。大陆呢,是限定每年美国电影配额才十 部,现在增加到廿部。韩国是WTO谈判时,把电影列入文化类,而予以保护。但台湾加入WTO之后,美国片占了少则八成五,多则九成五!当各国都被好莱坞电 影工业横扫的时候,法国本土电影能做到这种局面的抗衡,是令人感动的。

而我对台湾电影的愿景,就是希望做到在电影产业上,能够与好莱坞电影平分秋色。也就是说,我们也有我们自己的电影语言。

量增加以后是质,质的提升有赖人才培育,若当下着手,我们的人才到二○三○年正好快卅岁。法国CNC的做法是推动幼儿园到中学的电影放映活动, 非义务性,但CNC会支持教材与拷贝、师资训练等。这种电影教育其实是人文素养教育,强调电影在身边,提供小孩审美与视野,从小培养影像鉴赏力。以电影而 言,科技使拍摄和后制技术不断更新,最极端的例子如《阿凡达》,但若保有人文素养,艺术的形式将永远不会失去。

而台湾电影最贵重、最能抗衡的就是原创。原创即看见别人看不见的事物,像领头羊般改变整体。台湾是移民社会,不同的族群不停进入、冲击,扎实传 承多元的文化,造成一种很强的活力,又处在边缘的困难位置,激发了深度和高度。台湾应该扮演像是大公司里的研发单位,永远有研发精神与创作力,当然也必须 认知到研发常是挫折的,因为新的东西要被别人接受需要时间。

原创很像唐诺的新书《在咖啡馆遇见十四个作家》里萤火虫的比喻,很多人会受到它的感召,重新在其中得到想法与灵感。萤火虫小小的光明一直在那 里,每一代人中,总会有人去看、去触碰,去承传。

This entry was posted on 星期六, 10月 2nd, 2010 at 9:49 下午 and is filed under 转帖. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.

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