莫言:捍卫长篇小说的尊严
我们惯常听到的是把长篇写短的呼吁,我却在这里呼吁:长篇就是要往长里写!当然,把长篇写长,并不是事件和字数的累加,而是一种胸中的大气象,一种艺术的 大营造。那些能够营造精致的江南园林的建筑师,那些在假山上盖小亭子的建筑师,当然也很了不起,但他们大概营造不来故宫和金字塔,更主持不了万里长城那样 的浩大工程。
长篇小说不能为了迎合这个煽情的时代而牺牲自己应有的尊严。长篇小说不能为了适应某些读者而缩短自己的长度、减小自己的密度、降低自己的难度。我就是要这么长,就是要这么密,就是要这么难,愿意看就看,不愿意看就不看。哪怕只剩下一个读者,我也要这样写。
具有密度的长篇小说,应该是可以被一代代人误读的小说。这里的误读当然是针对着作家的主观意图而言。文学的魅力,就在于它能被误读。一部作家的主观意图和读者的读后感觉吻合了的小说,可能是一本畅销书,但不会是一部“伟大的小说”。
如果一部小说只有所谓的善与高尚,或者只有简单的、公式化的善恶对立,那这部小说的价值就值得怀疑。那些具有哲学思维的小说,大概都不是哲学家写 的。好的长篇应该是“众声喧哗”,应该是多义多解,很多情况下应该与作家的主观意图背道而驰。在善与恶之间,美与丑之间,爱与恨之间,应该有一个模糊地 带,而这里也许正是小说家施展才华的广阔天地。
大约是两年前,《长篇小说选刊》创刊,让我写几句话,推辞不过,斗胆写道:“长度、密度和难度,是长篇小说的标志,也是这伟大文体的尊严。”
写小说要有长篇胸怀
所谓长度,自然是指小说的篇幅。没有二十万字以上的篇幅,长篇小说就缺少应有的威严。就像金钱豹子,虽然也勇猛,虽然也剽悍,但终因体形稍逊,难 成山中之王。我当然知道许多篇幅不长的小说其力量和价值都胜过某些臃肿的长篇,我当然也知道许多篇幅不长的小说已经成为经典,但那种犹如长江大河般的波澜 壮阔之美,却是那些精巧的篇什所不具备的。长篇就是要长,不长算什么长篇?要把长篇写长,当然很不容易。我们惯常听到的是把长篇写短的呼吁,我却在这里呼 吁:长篇就是要往长里写!当然,把长篇写长,并不是事件和字数的累加,而是一种胸中的大气象,一种艺术的大营造。那些能够营造精致的江南园林的建筑师,那 些在假山上盖小亭子的建筑师,当然也很了不起,但他们大概营造不来故宫和金字塔,更主持不了万里长城那样的浩大工程。这如同战争中,有的人指挥一个团可能 非常出色,但给他一个军、一个兵团,就乱了阵脚。将才就是将才,帅才就是帅才,而帅才大都不是从行伍中一步步成长起来的。当然,不能简单地把写长篇小说的 称作帅才,更不敢把写短篇小说的贬为将才。比喻都是笨拙的,请原谅。
一个善写长篇小说的作家,并不一定要走短———中———长的道路,尽管许多作家包括我自己都是走的这样的道路。许多伟大的长篇小说作者,一开始上 手就是长篇巨著,譬如曹雪芹、罗贯中等。我认为一个作家能否写出并且能够写好长篇小说,关键的是要具有“长篇胸怀”。“长篇胸怀”者,胸中有大沟壑、大山 脉、大气象之谓也。要有莽荡之气,要有容纳百川之涵。
所谓大家手笔,正是胸中之大沟壑、大山脉、大气象的外在表现也。大苦闷、大悲悯、大抱负、天马行空般的大精神,落了片白茫茫大地真干净的大感悟———这些都是长篇胸怀之内涵也。
大悲悯具有拷问灵魂的深度
大苦闷、大抱负、大精神、大感悟,都不必展开来说,我想就“大悲悯”多说几句。近几年来,“悲悯情怀”已成时髦话语,就像前几年“终极关怀”成为 时髦话语一样。我自然也知道悲悯是好东西,但我们需要的不是那种刚吃完红烧乳鸽,又赶紧给一只翅膀受伤的鸽子包扎的悲悯;不是苏联战争片中和好莱坞大片中 那种模式化的、煽情的悲悯;不是那种全社会为一只生病的熊猫献爱心但置无数因为无钱而在家等死的人于不顾的悲悯。悲悯不仅仅是“打你的左脸把右脸也让你 打”,悲悯也不仅仅是在苦难中保持善心和优雅姿态,悲悯不是见到血就晕过去或者是高喊着“我要晕过去了”,悲悯更不是要回避罪恶和肮脏。
《圣经》是悲悯的经典,但那里边也不乏血肉模糊的场面。佛教是大悲悯之教,但那里也有地狱和令人发指的酷刑。如果悲悯是把人类的邪恶和丑陋掩盖起 来,那这样的悲悯和伪善是一回事。《金瓶梅》素负恶名,但有见地的批评家却说那是一部悲悯之书。这才是中国式的悲悯,这才是建立在中国的哲学、宗教基础上 的悲悯,而不是建立在西方哲学和西方宗教基础上的悲悯。长篇小说是包罗万象的庞大文体,这里边有羊羔也有小鸟,有狮子也有鳄鱼。你不能因为狮子吃了羊羔或 者鳄鱼吞了小鸟就说它们不悲悯。你不能说它们捕杀猎物时展现了高度技巧、获得猎物时喜气洋洋就说他们残忍。只有羊羔和小鸟的世界不成世界;只有好人的小说 不是小说。即便是羊羔,也要吃青草;即便是小鸟,也要吃昆虫;即便是好人,也有恶念头。站在高一点的角度往下看,好人和坏人,都是可怜的人。
小悲悯只同情好人,大悲悯不但同情好人,而且也同情恶人。
编造一个苦难故事,对于以写作为职业的人来说,不算什么难事,但那种在苦难中煎熬过的人才可能有的命运感,那种建立在人性无法克服的弱点基础上的 悲悯,却不是能够凭借才华编造出来的。描写政治、战争、灾荒、疾病、意外事件等外部原因带给人的苦难,把诸多苦难加诸弱小善良之身,让黄鼠狼单咬病鸭子, 这是煽情催泪影视剧的老套路,但不是悲悯,更不是大悲悯。只描写别人留给自己的伤痕,不描写自己留给别人的伤痕,不是悲悯,甚至是无耻。只揭示别人心中的 恶,不袒露自我心中的恶,不是悲悯,甚至是无耻。只有正视人类之恶,只有认识到自我之丑,只有描写了人类不可克服的弱点和病态人格导致的悲惨命运,才是真 正的悲剧,才可能具有“拷问灵魂”的深度和力度,才是真正的大悲悯。
关于悲悯的话题,本该就此打住,但总觉言犹未尽。请允许我引用南方某著名晚报的一个德高望重的、老革命出身的总编辑退休之后在自家报纸上写的一篇 专栏文章,也许会使我们对悲悯问题有新的认识。这篇文章的题目叫《难忘的毙敌场面》,全文如下:中外古今的战争都是残酷的。在激烈斗争的战场上讲人道主 义,全属书生之谈。特别在对敌斗争的特殊情况下,更是如此。下面讲述一个令我毕生难忘的毙敌场面,也许会使和平时期的年轻人,听后毛骨悚然,但在当年,我 却以平常的心态对待。然而,这个记忆,仍使我毕生难忘。
1945年7月日本投降前夕,敌军所属一个大队,瞅住这个有利时机,向“北支”驻地大镇等处发动疯狂进攻,我军被迫后撤到驻地附近山上。后撤前, 我军将大镇潜伏的敌军侦察员4人抓走。抓走时,全部用黑布蒙住眼睛(避免他们知道我军撤走的路线),同时绑着双手,还用一条草绳把四个家伙“串”起来走 路。由于敌情紧急,四面受敌,还要被迫背着这四个活包袱行进,万一双方交火,这4个“老特”便可能溜走了。北江支队长邬强当即示意大队长郑伟灵,把他们统 统处决。
郑伟灵考虑到枪毙他们,一来浪费子弹,二来会惊动附近敌人,便决定用刺刀全部把他们捅死。但这是很费力,也是极其残酷的。但在郑伟灵眼里看来,也不过是个“小儿科”。
当部队撤到英德东乡同乐街西南面的山边时,他先呼喝第一个蒙面的敌特俯卧地上,然后用锄头、刺刀把他解决了。
为了争取最后机会套取敌特情报,我严厉地审问其中一个敌特,要他立即交代问题。其间,他听到同伙中“先行者”的惨叫后,已经全身发抖,无法言语。 我光火了,狠狠地向他脸上掴了一巴掌。另一个敌特随着也狂叫起来,乱奔乱窜摔倒地上。郑伟灵继续如法炮制,把另外三个敌特也照样处死了。我虽首次看到这个 血淋淋的场面,但却毫不动容,可见在敌我双方残酷的厮杀中,感情的色彩也跟着改变了。
事隔数十年后,我曾问郑伟灵,你一生杀过多少敌人?他说:百多个啦。
原来,他还曾用日本军刀杀了六个敌特,但这是后话了。
读完这篇文章,我才感到我们过去那些描写战争的小说和电影,是多么虚假。这篇文章的作者,许多南方的文坛朋友都认识,他到了晚年,是一个慈祥的爷 爷,是一个关心下属的领导,口碑很好。我相信他文中提到的郑伟灵,也不会是凶神恶煞模样,但在战争这种特殊的环境下,他们是真正的杀人不眨眼。但我们有理 由谴责他们吗?那个杀了一百多人的郑伟灵,肯定是得过无数奖章的英雄,但我们能说他不“悲悯”吗?可见,悲悯,是有条件的;悲悯,是一个极其复杂的问题, 不是书生的臆想。
长度、密度、难度
一味强调长篇之长,很容易招致现成的反驳,鲁迅、沈从文、张爱玲、汪曾祺、契诃夫、博尔赫斯,都是现成的例子。我当然不否认上列的作家都是优秀的 或者是伟大的作家,但他们不是列夫•托尔斯泰、陀斯妥也夫斯基、托马斯•曼、乔伊斯、普鲁斯特那样的作家,他们的作品里没有上述这些作家的皇皇巨作里那样 一种波澜壮阔的浩瀚景象,这大概也是不争的事实。
长篇越来越短,与流行有关,与印刷与包装有关,与利益有关,与浮躁心态有关,也与那些盗版影碟有关。从苦难的生活中(这里的苦难并不仅仅是指物质 生活的贫困,而更多是一种精神的苦难)和个人性格缺陷导致的悲剧中获得创作资源可以写出大作品,从盗版影碟中攫取创作资源,大概只能写出背离中国经验和中 国感受的也许是精致的小玩艺儿。也许会有人说,在当今这个时代,太长的小说谁人要看?其实,要看的人,再长也看;不看的人,再短也不看。长,不是影响那些 优秀读者的根本原因。当然,好是长的前提,只有长度,就像老祖母的裹脚布一样,当然不好,但假如是一匹绣着清明上河图那样精美图案的锦缎,长就是好了。
长不是抻面,不是注水,不是吹气,不是泡沫,不是通心粉,不是灯心草,不是纸老虎,是真家伙,是仙鹤之腿,不得不长,是不长不行的长,是必须这样长的长。万里长城,你为什么这样长?是背后壮阔的江山社稷要它这样长。
长篇小说的密度,是指密集的事件,密集的人物,密集的思想。思想之潮汹涌澎湃,裹挟着事件、人物,排山倒海而来,让人目不暇接,不是那种用几句话就能说清的小说。
密集的事件当然不是事件的简单罗列,当然不是流水账。海明威的“冰山理论”对这样的长篇小说同样适用。
密集的人物当然不是沙丁鱼罐头式的密集,而是依然要个个鲜活、人人不同。一部好的长篇小说,主要人物应该能够进入文学人物的画廊,即便是次要人物,也应该是有血有肉的活人,而不是为了解决作家的叙述困难而拉来凑数的道具。
密集的思想,是指多种思想的冲突和绞杀。如果一部小说只有所谓的善与高尚,或者只有简单的、公式化的善恶对立,那这部小说的价值就值得怀疑。那些 具有哲学思维的小说,大概都不是哲学家写的。好的长篇应该是“众声喧哗”,应该是多义多解,很多情况下应该与作家的主观意图背道而驰。
在善与恶之间,美与丑之间,爱与恨之间,应该有一个模糊地带,而这里也许正是小说家施展才华的广阔天地。
也可以说,具有密度的长篇小说,应该是可以被一代代人误读的小说。
这里的误读当然是针对着作家的主观意图而言。文学的魅力,就在于它能被误读。一部作家的主观意图和读者的读后感觉吻合了的小说,可能是一本畅销书,但不会是一部“伟大的小说”。
长篇小说的难度,是指艺术上的原创性,原创的总是陌生的,总是要求读者动点脑子的,总是要比阅读那些轻软滑溜的小说来得痛苦和艰难。难也是指结构上的难,语言上的难,思想上的难。
长篇小说的结构,当然可以平铺直叙,这是那些批判现实主义的经典作家的习惯写法。这也是一种颇为省事的写法。
结构从来就不是单纯的形式,它有时候就是内容。长篇小说的结构是长篇小说艺术的重要组成部分,是作家丰沛想象力的表现。好的结构,能够凸现故事的 意义,也能够改变故事的单一意义。好的结构,可以超越故事,也可以解构故事。前几年我还说过,“结构就是政治”。如果要理解“结构就是政治”,请看我的 《酒国》和《天堂蒜薹之歌》。我们之所以在那些长篇经典作家之后,还可以写作长篇,从某种意义上说,就在于我们还可以在长篇的结构方面展示才华。
长篇小说的语言之难,当然是指具有鲜明个性的、陌生化的语言。但这陌生化的语言,应该是一种基本驯化的语言,不是故意地用方言土语制造阅读困难。 方言土语自然是我们语言的富矿,但如果只局限在小说的对话部分使用方言土语,并希望借此实现人物语言的个性化,则是一个误区。把方言土语融入叙述语言,才 是对语言的真正贡献。
伟大的长篇是孤独的
长篇小说的长度、密度和难度,造成了它的庄严气象。它排斥投机取巧,它笨拙,大度,泥沙俱下,没有肉麻和精明,不需献媚和撒娇。
在当今这个时代,读者多追流俗,不愿动脑子。
这当然没有什么不对。真正的长篇小说,知音难觅,但知音难觅是正常的。伟大的长篇小说,没有必要像宠物一样遍地打滚,也没有必要像鬣狗一样结群吠 叫。它应该是鲸鱼,在深海里,孤独地遨游着,响亮而沉重地呼吸着,波浪翻滚地交配着,血水浩荡地生产着,与成群结队的鲨鱼,保持着足够的距离。
长篇小说不能为了迎合这个煽情的时代而牺牲自己应有的尊严。长篇小说不能为了适应某些读者而缩短自己的长度、减小自己的密度、降低自己的难度。我就是要这么长,就是要这么密,就是要这么难,愿意看就看,不愿意看就不看。哪怕只剩下一个读者,我也要这样写。
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