转帖:杨德昌对台湾影坛的影响
「台灣新電影」是台灣電影發展史上最重要的一頁篇章,而楊德昌則在這段歷史中佔據著不是最重要但卻不可或缺的地位。
這一次「台灣新電影運動」的成功,主要由兩股影壇新勢力匯聚而成。自1982年陸續出現台灣影壇的十幾位新銳導演,雖也有所謂的「本土派」與「留 洋派」之分,但卻有一股不分彼此、眾志成城、同仇敵慨的氣勢。他們之間既競爭又合作,既是同事又是朋友,在銀幕上或銀幕下都留下了不少的佳話美談。
若加以細分,同是1982年出品的《光陰的故事》和《小畢的故事》可以視為兩組電影新銳展示實力的代表作。《光陰的故事》除張毅為本土的電影專業 畢業生外,另外三位導演陶德辰、楊德昌和柯一正都是留美的電影系畢業生﹔而《小畢的故事》則是本土電影工作者(陳坤厚、侯孝賢)結合本土年輕小說家(朱天 文、丁亞民)的漂亮出擊。這兩股力量,到了拍攝黃春明原著的《兒子的大玩偶》時更結合在一起(由侯孝賢、曾壯祥、萬仁聯合導演,吳念真編劇,陳坤厚攝 影),形成一股驚人的氣勢,也把台灣電影帶進一個新境界。
當年,台灣仍處於「戒嚴地區」,對外的資訊比較閉塞,外國電影也不能隨便進口公映,本土電影工作者幾乎全憑自我摸索而成長。因此,當一批年紀相近 的電影留學生集體加入舊有的拍片體制時,他們便自然扮演了「新知傳遞者」的角色,為當時仍頗為保守的台灣電影界傳遞西方電影新思潮,吹起了一股清新之風。
在「留洋派」的導演之中,楊德昌儼然是扮演了領袖的角色。一方面是因為楊德昌在眾人之中有較豐富的社會經驗和拍片經驗,另一方面則因為他擅長思 考、多才多藝,因此自然形成一股吸引力,連「本土派」的年輕導演也很喜歡圍攏過來。當時,國民黨黨營的中影公司是台灣新電影的大本營,新銳導演們有事沒事 就喜歡聚集在七樓的企劃部聊天打屁,連娛樂記者都常往那邊跑。下班後,楊德昌家裡那一幢日式的房子就成了眾人的另一個家,大家脫了外衣在榻榻米上肆無忌憚 地高談闊論,成了很多台灣新銳導演至今仍忘不了的歡樂記憶。有一年的金馬獎頒獎典禮之夜,筆者有幸置身其中,跟十多名年紀相當、理想相近的導演在榻榻米上 看電視轉播頒獎禮,充分感受到他們之間的那種「革命感情」。
這種同儕之間的感情不但流露在私底下,也反映在他們拍攝的電影上。新銳導演們互相在別人的作品中亮相演出的情况隨時可見,例如楊德昌導演的《海灘 的一天》有辦公大樓的戲,柯一正、陶德辰、陳坤厚、侯孝賢、吳念真等人都乖乖客串公司的職員,既省錢又提高了特約演員的素質。除此之外,他們也不吝嗇於提 供自己的專業所長給別人的作品,藉以提高其電影藝術水平。例如侯孝賢導演的第一部轉型之作《風櫃來的人》,原來採用一般的流行音樂作配樂,楊德昌看了覺得 可惜了,主動建議更換為古典音樂《四季》作配樂,影片的整個格調登時提升不少。
可惜這種彼此激勵支援的同志之情只維持了開始的兩三年,隨著各人的發展有高有低,名氣逐漸懸殊,「台灣新電影」也在評論界引起爭議,1985年甚 至出現了「擁侯派」與「反侯派」的說法,同志之情就漸漸趨於冷淡。此時此刻,楊德昌與侯孝賢逐漸成為代表台灣新電影的兩大支柱,甚至形成兩個截然不同的電 影美學門派。
自從得到一些主流影評人對台灣新電影的清淡風格給予極力誇讚之後,很多新銳導演紛紛以「排除故事情節和戲劇性、淡化人物感情、大量使用單鏡頭長 拍、追求個人感性風格」作為他們追求的共同創作目標,失去了多元化,「淡」彷彿成了國片創作唯一應走的道路,侯孝賢也成了很多人模仿的對像。這種採用「一 淡到底」的基本風格,直至1990年代的蔡明亮和林正盛都沒有改變。相形之下,楊德昌的電影風格在台灣影壇顯得勢單力薄、千山獨行。
老實說,像楊德昌這種如此重視高明導演技巧、龐大劇本架構、複雜人際關係、專業電影技術、演員整體演出的電影拍法,在電影工業體制還沒上軌道、製 片投資又普遍屬於低成本的台灣影壇,的確有些吃力不討好。楊德昌如非有過人之能,也很難撑十多年。不過,也就是有楊德昌個人的堅持,近二十年的台灣電影還 能在鄉村之外有城市、傳統之外有現代、簡單之外有複雜,多少呈現出不一樣的藝術電影光華。
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葬我于雪 » Blog Archive » 转帖:杨德昌对台湾影坛的影响
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